C. flaviplumus Ty. B immatures and cytology

Pupa: Exuvia grey/brown.  Length 6.51 (5.99-6.61) mm in males, 7.35 (7.01-7.53) mm in females.    Cephalic tubercles 75 µm long and 57 µm wide at base (male) and 43 x 66 µm in female.  Thorax rugose, inner margin of wing sheath 1.69 (1.42-1.72) mm long, respiratory base elliptical and about 320 x 150 µm, slightly narrow in middle; HR abt. 2.56.  PSA caudolateral on segment IV and brownish (see figure below), about 138 µm long and 88 µm wide, occupying about 0.11 of the segment length; those of segments V and VI comprising spines; PSB basolateral on segment I and caudolateral on segment II  Hook row on segment II comprised of about 46(?)-86 hooklets.  Shagreen pattern darker across the middle of segments II-IV, then even on V-VII, only anterior on VIII.   Caudolateral spur of segment VIII with 1, or 1 large and 1 small spine.

Fourth instar larva: A small to moderate plumosus-type (length (Fem) 12.2-14 mm).  Ventral tubules relatively long, anterior pair about 1.6 (1.04-2.44) mm, posterior pair about 1.85 (1.40-2.64) mm; much shorter in Japanese larvae.  Anal tubules about 250-480 µm long and about 2.5-3 times longer than wide.  Salivary reservoir 77.2 (68-88) µm wide and 3.75-5.6 times wider than deep.
Gular region pale in some Japanese populations, slightly dark to dark over posterior 1/3 to 1/2, Frontoclypeus darkened.
Mentum (Fig. c) with c1 tooth tall, c2 teeth well separated (type III), 4th laterals slightly reduced (type I-II).
Ventromentum (Fig. d) with smooth anterior margin and about 38 (34-44) striae; IPD 53-71 µm (0.31-0.40 of mentum width); VMR about 0.24-0.32.
Pecten epipharyngis (Fig. a) with about 12-16 broad sharp teeth (type B).
Premandible with outer tooth slightly longer and coming to a relatively narrow point, inner tooth coming to a broad point and 2-3.7x wider.
Antenna (Fig. b) with basal segment about 3.4 (2.8-4.0) times longer than wide, ring organ about one third to 2/5th up from base; AR about 2.08 (1.94-2.44), segment lengths (microns) 108 : 28.5 : 8.5 : 11 : 6.
Distance between the antennal bases generally greater than that between the S4 setae.
Mandible (Fig. e) with 3rd inner tooth partly or sometimes almost fully separated,and partly darkened (type II-IIIB); about 13 (10-15) furrows on the outer surface at the base.  Pecten mandibularis with about 10 (9-12) taeniae; Mdt-Mat 25-28 µm; MTR 0.3-0.39.

Cytology: Four polytene chromosomes with the pseudothummi-cytocomplex combination BF, CD, AE, G.
Nucleolus near centromere in arm F, although a nucleolus is developed subterminal in arm G of some Indian specimens, while in others it may just appear as a puff.  Arm G partly unpaired at one end, with prominent BR near middle of the arm and another about one third from the other end and somtimes with a subterminal nucleolus.
Polymorphism in arms A, B, C, F and G: ArmC1 occurs in Varanasi while ArmC2 has been found at Jammu.

ArmA1:    1 - 2c, 4 - 9, 2d - 3, 12- 10, 13 - 19                                             as circumdatus A2, holomelas, ramosus
ArmA2:    1 - 2c, 10 - 12, 3, 14c - 13, 4 - 9, 2ed, 14d - 19                                             (India)
ArmB1:    Puff distal of centre of arm with dark bands distal; nucleolus near centromere.
ArmC1:    Large puff about the middle of the arm.
ArmC2:    Inversion of about two thirds of the arm                                             as ramosus
ArmD1:   
ArmE1:    1 - 2c, 8b - 6, 3 - 2d, 8 - 9, 4 - 5, 12a - 10, 12b - 13                 i.e. In5-9 and In9-3 from dorsalis (as ramosus)
ArmF1:    possibly 1 - 10, 15 - 11, 16 - 23                                                     as halophilus
ArmG1:    prominent BR near middle of arm, another about 1/3 from paired end.

Polytene chromosomes of C. flaviplumusType B. N - nucleolus; BR - Balbiani ring.

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Revised: 31 August 2023
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