C. vitellinus Freeman 1961

Synonyms:
Incorrectly placed as a synonym of C. javanus Kieffer by Chaudhuri et al. 1992.

Yamamoto (2002) has suggested that this species should be in a separate subgenus Austrochironomus.

In BOLD Bin: BOLD:AAG6924.
as C. javanus, but most specimens are actually C. vitellinus.

Adult:

This is a rather variable species across its wide distribution.  This is likely due to different selection pressures in different habiats but also, in some cases, to genetic drift if island populations were established by a small number of founders.

Go to Freeman's original description

Male:
A yellowish-green species with dark bands on the tarsi and darkening of the cross veins of the wings.  Thorax of a yolky colour, dull with practically no pruinosity; legs whitish especially on tibiae, tarsal segments black at joints; abdomen without dark markings but quite strongly pruinose at incisures and on segments 5 and 7, anal point of male narrow at base in side view.


Photograph of adult male (G. Cocks, Townsville)(left) and Illustration of the hypopygium of C. vitellinus from Tokunaga 1964 (right)

Wing length 2.64 (2.07-3.00) mm, width 0.64 (0.56-0.73) mm; VR 1.05 (1.02-1.08); 2 Scf on brachiolum, 19.5 (17-22) setae on squamal fringe.
Freeman quotes AR about 4.5, but in other populations the AR is lower 3.34 (2.89-4.5)  
Head:  Frontal tubercles 43.7 (30-55) µm x 15 µm long and 2.4-2.6 times longer than wide.  Palpal proportions (micron): 49 : 46 : 157.5 : 191 : 272 : P5/P4 1.45 (1.25-1.74); P5/P3 1.79 (1.40-2.17).  Clypeus about 0.60 (0.47-0.75) of antennal pedicel, with about 18.2 (11-23) setae.
Thoracic setae: acrostichal at least 11-14; dorsocentrals 9.7 (5-14); Prealar 4.25 (3-5); Supraalar 1; Scutellar 10.75 (13-17), 2-6 in anterior row, 5-11 in posterior row.
Leg lengths (microns) and proportions as follows:

Male 
Fe
Ti
Ta1
Ta2
Ta3
Ta4
Ta5
LR
F/T
BR
PI
1245
970
1480
895
715
740
340
1.56-1.93
1.11-1.27
0.46-1.6
PII
1215
1085
715
370
270
180
135
0.64-0.70
1.10-1.17
 
PIII
1325
1345
1075
575
425
270
165
0.77-0.83
0.95-1.00
 

Tergite IX with 6.3 (5-9) setae, in individual pale patches.
Hypopygium with narrow anal point expanded at distal end, strongly turned down and narrow in lateral aspect.  Superior volsella well developed and curved, not like any of Strenke's types perhaps closest to E-type(g); Inferior volsella reaching about to 1/3-1/2 length of gonostylus, with 12-14 incurved simple setae (although Tokunaga's figure appears to show them as forked).  Gonostylus may not be as swollen as shown in Tokunaga's figure (above) but narrows conspicuously over posterior third to half, with 5+1 setae at the tip.

Female
Freeman's (1961) description of C. vitellinus only states that it resembles the male; sensory hairs on apical antennal segment longer than usual.
Other (many characters supplemented by data from some other areas in the absence of relevant data from Australia):
Wing length 2.91 (2.58-3.16) mm, width 0.79 (0.75-0.91) mm; VR 1.09 (1.07-1.11); 2 SCf on brachiolum; 15.6 (13-16) setae in squamal fringe.
Coloration essentially as in male.
Antennal segments (micron) with proportion of neck in brackets: 171 (28) : 126 (0.46) : 130 (49) : 129 (49) : 240; AR 0.37 (0.33-0.43), A5/A1 1.23 (1.0-1.46).
Palpal segments (micron): 54 : 50 : 180 : 220 : 335: P5/P4 1.40.  Clypeus heart-shaped, abt 1.28-1.55 times wider than antennal pedicel, with about 23 (16-39) setae.
Thoracic setae:  Acrostichals - 11.5 (9-16); Humerals - 3.6 (3-5), mostly linear but may be grouped (e.g. as a triangle); Dorsocentrals - 15.2 (9-26) (18.7 (13-30) including the Humerals); Prealars - 5 (4-7); Scutellars in two rows - 2.2 (0-6) and 10 (8-13) (total 12.5 (9-19)).
Leg lengths (microns) and proportions as follows:

Female 
Fe
Ti
Ta1
Ta2
Ta3
Ta4
Ta5
LR
F/T
Ta4/Ti
PI
1310
1070
1910
940
770
930
420
1.77-1.80
1.16-1.29
0.8-0.97
PII
1300
1290
760
370
260
180
120
0.63-0.65
1.08-1.13

PIII
1500
1520
1140
590
440
280
120
0.63-0.71
0.90-0.94

Anterior Ta4 longer than Ta3 or Ta5.

Sasa & Hasagawa (1983) imply that the last couple of segments may be darkenend.  Segment X usually a half-oval (2.6-2.7 times longer than greatest width) with about 10-13 setae.  Sasa & Hasagawa (1983) note that the cercus is roughly rhombic, 112x152 µm; usually with a ventral basal bulge.

Pupa:  has been described by Chaudhuri et al. (1992), and the abdomen illustrated by P.S. Cranston in his Electronic Guide to Chironomidae of Australia (below).  This illustration is reproduced (with permission).
Length: Male 6.40 (6.38-6.70) mm; female 7.01 (6.90-7.14) mm (6-7 mm in Lenz 1937).  Exuviae grey.  Frontal tubercles 81-110 µm long and 51-70 µm in diameter, subapical seta 38-90 µm long, i.e. about as long as the tubercles.  It is possible there is slight development of frontal warts (see Cranston figure).  Respiratory base about 110-157 x 53-81 µm wide.  2 pairs of precorneal setae.
Abdomen with Pedes spurii A caudolateral on segments IV-VI, that on segment IV about 140 (116-157) x 91 (71-111) µm wide and about 21 (18-22)% of the segment length; Pedes spurii B basolateral on segment I and caudolateral on segment II, which also bears a caudal row of about 72.3 (66-81) hooks which occupy 61-64% of the segment width.  Caudolateral spur of segment VIII with 1-4 spines, although commonly only 1 is long.  Swim fin with aboout 70-72 taeniae in a single row proximally and a double row distally.

Fourth instar larva: a medium sized, essentially plumosus-type larva (fem. 9.3-13.7 mm (11), male 13.0 mm (1)), although lateral tubules (about 380 micron long) are more ventrally placed than in other species.  Chaudhuri et al. (1992) show the VT arising very close together, but this is not normal in this species from other countries.  Anal tubules about 425 microns long, with median constriction.
Gula pale or slightly darkened on posterior third;  frontoclypeus pale.
Mentum (Fig. c) with the central trifid tooth set below the 1st laterals, and the c2 teeth markedly separated from c1 tooth (type III) and pointed towards it; 4th laterals at most slightly reduced (type I).
Pecten epipharyngis (Fig. a) with about 12-13 often irregular teeth (type D).  Ventromentum (Fig. d) about 3.7 times wider than deep, with about 27-28 striae.
Antenna (Fig. b) with the basal segment about 4 times as long as wide; AR about 2.4; ratio of segments 125 : 29 : 6 : 9 : 5.
Distance between S4 setae slightly larger than with between antennal bases.
Mandible (Fig. e) with third inner tooth darkened and completely separated (type IIIB), with three spines on inner margin, and about 12-13 furrows on the outer surface at the base.

The larva is most readily recognised by the unusual premandible, which has 7 teeth rather than the usual two, as well as the lowered central trifid tooth of the mentum.

Some larval characters have been illustrated by P.S. Cranston in his Electronic Guide to Chironomidae of Australia, as C. vitellinus.  These are reproduced here (with permission).

Cytology:  4 polytene chromosomes chromosomes with the thummi arm combination AB, CD, EF, G, but Keyl arms very difficult to recognize.
Nucleolus virtually terminal in arm G, with large Balbiani Ring near middle of the arm; closely paired.  No nucleolus in long chromosomes.

Found: Type locality Buitenzorg, Java, INDONESIA. also ¿Sumatra (Johannsen 1932).
            Australia - Manning River, Kundibakh, New South Wales.
            Northern Territory - Darwin(Type locality of C. vitellinus).
            Queensland - Mareeba (-16.98°S, 145.42°E); Sarina (-21.42°S, 149.20°E); 3 km w. Sarina Beach (-21.42°S, 149.20°E);
            Townsville (-19.25°S, 148.78°E).
            Fiji - Labasa, Vanua Levu (-16.33°S, 179.50°E) and Nadi, Viti Levu (-17.67°S, 177.50°E).
            Melanesia - Caroline Islands and Marshall Islands.
            Papua New Guinea - Mafulu (1200 m), Lae-Goroka Road (-8.50°S, 146.00°E), Eastern Highlands Province; Sogeri (-7.56°S, 143.43°E),
            Central Province
            Other regions:
            India - Jammu & Kashmir: University of Jammu Campus (32.73°N; 74.87°E).
            Japan - Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshu (34.989°N; 138.38°E).
            Malaysia - Minden (5.13°N; 100.13°E) and Bukit Merah Rice Res. Stn, Permatang Pauh, Penang; Tregganu.
            ¿Thailand - Ban Bangkanark, Chachoengsao Province; San Pa Tong Rice Experimental Station, Amphoe San Pa Tong,
            Chiang Mai Province; Ban Mae Kachiang, Amphoe Wiang Pa Pao, Chiang Rai Province (Hashimoto et al. 1981)
            Central Africa - Blantyre, Malawi.

The adult male was described from Thailand by Hashimoto et al. (1981).  The cytological description given here is based on Australian, Papua New Guinea and Japanese specimens.

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Modified: 31 March 2023
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