C. novaezelandiae Immatures

Fourth instar larva:  A bathophilus-type larva.  Size variable depending upon habitat and South Island specimens tend to be larger.  Length from 9.3-20.8 (fem 12.3-20.8; male 12.3-16.2) mm.  Ventral tubules also variable, from 0.4-1.5 mm, anterior and posterior pair essentially equal size but varying between individuals.  Anal tubules also variable in length but dorsal pair generally slightly shorter (165-500 vs 195-555 µm)but often slightly wider than the ventral pair (90-320 vs 100-240 µm), length/width about the same (1.4-3.8).
Head capsule normally very dark in gular and frontoclypeal regions.  However some individuals have the gular region only slightly darkened and almost no darkening of the frontoclypeus - may be polymorphic in some North Island populations and fixed in some South Island populations (Martin, 1998).  These may represent another species (such as species 10) but they seem to have the same cytological features.
Head relatively narrow, mentum width less than 0.65 of the ventral head length (VHL).  Mentum (Fig. b) of type II, with centre teeth of type II (c2 teeth relatively more distinct than those of C. "thermarum").
Ventromentum (Fig. c) with about 37 to 50 striae (lower in smaller specimens).  Pecten epipharyngis (Fig. a) with about 9-18 often irregular teeth.
Antenna (Fig. d) with basal segment relatively long and narrow, about 3 to 4 times as long as wide; AR about 1.9-2.6; antennal segment proportions (micron) 160 : 35 : 10 : 14 : 7 .
Distance between antennal bases overall about the same as that between the S4 setae, which occupy 0.76-0.94 of the frontoclypeus width.
Mandible (Fig. e) of mostly type IIB but may be only IB; 10 to 27 furrows on the outer surface near base (again reflecting variation in size).

Cytology:  4 polytene chromosomes with the pseudothummi-cytocomplex arm combination (BF, CD, EA, G).
Centromeres of metacentric chromosomes thin but distinctly heterochromatic, most strongly developed on the CD chromosome.
Arm G generally with a small nucleolus (see figure), although this may be hard to distinguish from a puff unless the nuclear envelope can be seen.   Usually one obvious Balbiani ring, which may be either terminal or medial as the result of an inversion.  Specimens without the nucleolus and with a large BR in this region, may be a different species (perhaps Lentzios et al.(1980) give some information on the number and location of C-bands.

nzlA1:    1a-e, 11 - 10, 2c - 1f, 3e - 2d, 8 - 9, 3f-i, 12c-a, 4 - 7, 13 - 19        ie. as A4 oppositus
nzlA2:    1a-e, 11 - 10, 2c - 1f, 3e - 2e, 7 - 4, 12a-c, 3i - f, 9 - 8, 2d, 13 - 19
nzlA3:    1a-e, 13a-f, 2d, 8 - 9, 3f-i, 12c-a, 4 - 7, 2e - 3e, 1f - 2c, 10 - 11, 14 - 19
nzlB1:    Large puff (group 7) with distal dark bands, near middle of arm.
nzlB2:    Possibly the result of overlapping inversions.    Puff with reduced dark bands nearer distal end of arm.
nzlB3:    Derived from B2 by a short inversion of the region with the puff, so that the reduced dark bands are now proximal.      May only be in sp. NZ12
nzlC1:    Characteristic band groups 3-4, with 5 distal, near distal end  Appears similar to C. tepperi, C. 'pseudoppositus' and C. 'spilleri'
nzlC2:    small median inversion
nzlC3:    inversion of most of arm
nzlC4:    small inversion near distal end
nzlD1:    1 - 2, 16 - 10d, 3a-d, 9 - 3e, 10a-c, 17 - 24                                                       ie. as australis D1
nzlD2:    1 - 2, 16c-a, 17e-a, 10c-a, 3e - 9, 3d-a, 10d -15, 18 - 24
nzlD3:    1 -2, 16 - 11, 4c - 9, 3d-a, 4ba - 3e, 10a-c, 17 - 24
nzlE1:    1 - 3e, 10b - 3f, 10c - 13                                                       ie. as oppositus E1, analis, forsythi
nzlE2:    1a-c, 5 - 10b, 3e - 1d, 4 - 3f, 10c - 13
nzlE3:    1a-c, 5 - 7c, 10g-c, 3f - 4, 1d - 3e, 10b - 7d, 11 - 13                            may only be in sp. NZ12
nzlF1:    1 - 2a, 10 - 2c, 15c - 11a, 2b, 15d - 23                                                                  ie. as oppositus F3, australis
nzlF2:    1a-e, 12 - 15c, 2c - 10, 2a, 11i-a, 2b, 15d - 23
nzlG1:    Subterminal BR and median BR (often just a pale space).
nzlG2:    Inversion of region from BR to near distal end of arm.
nzlG3:    Subterminal nucleolus and adjacent BR, or no visible BR.

Pupa:  Pupa: about 9.8-10.2 mm long (South Island females); cephalic tubercles about 100 µm long, subapical seta abt 90µm.  Thorax and muscle scars pale yellow brown, abdomen relatively pale; shagreen largely in mid-line - on post half of segment II, post 2/3 of segment III and wider on segments IV-VI; none apparent on segments VII-IX.
Basal respiratory ring about 205 µm long, HR about 2.4, with the respiratory bases markedly narrowed in the middle.
About 80 recurved hooks at posterior of segment II, covering about 70% of the segment width.
Pedes spurii B at posterior of segments II and III; a large pedes spurii A on segment IV, about 230 µm long and 95 µm wide, about 0.27 of the segment length.

Caudolateral spurs of segment VIII sometimes with numerous appressed spines (c.f. C. zealandicus); usually abt 6-9 longer spines and possibly a small one near the base.  In some populations with paler larval heads there are only two or three spines.  It is probable that some of these would be
species 10.
About 132 taeniae on the swim fin, in up to three rows in some places.

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Modified: 2 November 2021
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