C. 'februarius' immatures

Fourth instar larva a medium sized (len. 9.0-16.5 mm; fem. 11.5-16.5, male 9.0-14.5) plumosus-type;  ventral tubules well developed, posterior pair longer (Ant. 0.83-2.50; Post. 0.83-3.52 mm).  ventral head length about 309 (276-348) µm.  Lateral tubules well developed (160-430 µm).  Anal tubules both dorsal and ventral similar in size (290-430 µm) but dorsal tubules wider (1.83 longer than wide) than the ventral tubules (3 times longer than wide).
Gular region pale, frontoclypeus normally not darkened, but may show slight darkening in about 2% larvae.  Salivary reservoir 78.5 (63-88.5) x 16.7 (10-20) µm, i.e. 4.28 (4.0-4.8) times wider than deep.  Larvae are very difficult to distinguish from C. cloacalis pale headed form, although they normally have some darkening of the posterior region of the gula and the distance between the S4 setae is normally less than that between the antennal bases.
Mentum (Fig. b) of type II, and c2 teeth notches on the c1 tooth (i.e. type IB or III).  Ventromentum (Fig. c) about 3.08-4.39 times wider than deep and 1-1.22 times wider than the mentum; with about 44.5 (39-53) striae.  Pecten epipharyngis (Fig. a) with about 13.8 (10-16) sharp teeth (type B).
Premandible (Fig. a) with inner tooth about 3.5-5 times wider than the outer tooth and coming to a broad point (type B2 or C).
Distance between the S4 setae (114-158 µm) which are separated by 0.71-0.91 of the width of the FC, is usually less than the distance between the antennal bases (127-162 µm).
Basal segment of antenna (Fig. d) relatively long and narrow, about 3.5-5 times longer than wide; RO about 1/3 to 1/2 way up from base; A2/A1 about 0.22-0.31; A3 shorter than A4, but longer than A5; segment lengths (micron) 124 : 33 : 10 : 12.5 : 7.5.
Mandible (Fig. e) of type IIB, with about 16.35 (14-21) furrows on the outer surface near the base; Pecten mandibularis with about 12.4 (11-15) taeniae; Mdt-Mat about 20-30, MTR 0.27-0.41.

Cytology:  4 polytene chromosomes with the pseudothummi arm combination AE, BF, CD, G.  All chromosomes closely paired.
The CD chromosome is about 90%, AE about 70% and arm G about 35% of the length of the BF chromosome.
Arm G with an almost terminal nucleolus and sometimes a second approximately medial, with 2 Balbiani rings, one medial and one (BR 3) about one quarter from distal end.  There may also be development of a nucleolus in arms A or C, but these additional nucleoli have only been seen in Queensland populations.
Polymorphism in arms A, D, E, and G.
Irradiation experiments suggest that the dominant male determining gene may be on arm G near the NOR but some results suggest it is on arm B.

febA1:    1 - 2c, 10 - 12, 3i - 2d, 9 - 4, 13 - 19                                                as holomelas, cloacalis, etc (rare)
febA2:    1 - 2c, 15 - 13, 4 - 7, 10 - 12, 3 - 2d, 9 - 8, 16 - 19                                            (common)
febB1:    Puff (group 7) and some distal dark bands about 1/3 from end of arm?
febC1:    1, 14 - 11d, 6b - 5p, 15, 8 - 11c, 2 - 5p, 6gh, 17a - 16, 7d-a, 6f-c, 17b - 22                     (Kiknadze)
febD1:    1 - 2, 17 - 12b, 10 - 7, 3g-a, 6 - 4, 12a - 11, 18 - 24,                                                   (as cloD1)   (Kiknadze)
febD2:    1 - 2, 17 - 15, 4 - 6, 3a-g, 7 - 10, 12b - 14, 12a - 11, 18 - 24
febE1:    1 - 3e, 10b - 3f, 10c - 13                                                as luridus, etc.          known only as heterozygote
febE2:    1 - 2b, 5 - 10b, 3e - 2c, 4 - 3f, 10c - 13                                                       as cloacalis
febF1:    1 - 2a, 10 - 2b, 11 - 23                                                                       as oppositus F1 (see Martin 1979)
febG1:    Essentially terminal nucleolus and 3 BRs about equally spaced through rest of chromosome
febG2:    Small simple inversion in region between BR3 and distal BR.

Nucleoli and location of C-bands studied by Lentzios & Stocker (1979) and Lentzios et al. (1980).

Pupa:  A small pupa, only6.3-8.6 mm in length.  Some characters given in Table below differ in mean values between males and females, generally with considerable overlap.  This means that these characters cannot be used to differentiate between the sexes.  In general the best character for differentiation of the sexes is the female antennal sheath which seems to be almost always visible on the exuvia (length 400-511 µm).  No indication of a frontal wart.  Respiratory base about 132-173 µm long and 53-78 µm wide, marginally larger on average in females: HR 2.61 (1.8-3.5), slightly larger in males.  Hook row on seg. II covers 0.75 (0.70-0.81) of the segment width.
Pedes spurii B developed on segments II & III; large Pedes spurii A on segment IV (len 170-195 x 76-130 µm) and 0.21-0.33 of the segment length; those of females apparently wider than those of males, small PSA on segment V, but mostly those of segments V and VI are just patches of spines.
Shagreen covers most of tergites II-VII, along the median line of VIII, little on IX.
Caudolateral spurs on segment VIII with about 3.45 (2-5) closely appressed spines.  Taeniae of swim fin initially in a single row, but increasing to 2-3 rows distally.

In general the pupae are about the same size as those of C. cloacalis.

Norfolk Island specimens:
The cytology of Norfolk Island specimens appeared to be similar to that of mainland specimens, although the banding patterns of some arms (B, C and D) were not all that clear.  The puff (group 7) of arm B does not appear to be developed. The nucleolus is virtually terinal on arm G, which has a large BR about the middle of the arm and probably two small ones on either side.

On the other hand, the sequence of mtCOI appears relatively different (abt. 11% difference).  This suggests it has been isolated for a long time.
Further material, including other life stages, is needed to clarify the situation.

Fourth instar larvae: a medium sized (len. 11.0-14.2 mm) plumosus-type; Ventral tubules well developed, posterior pair longer (Ant. 1.16-1.48; Post. 1.18-1.92 mm).  Lateral tubules moderately developed (120-280 µm).  Anal tubules with dorsal pair usually longer than ventral pair (dors. 270-360, vent. 230-320) and about 2.6-3.4 times longer than wide).
Gular region pale or very slightly darkened, frontoclypeus pale or with very slight darkening including on surrounding region.  Mentum of type II, and c2 teeth well separated from c1 tooth (i.e. type III).  Ventromentum about 3.8 times longer than deep, and 1.16 times longer than mentum width, VMR 0.23, and with about 41 striae.  Pecten epipharyngis with about 14 teeth of type B.  Salivary reservoir long and narrow.
Basal segment of antenna relatively long and narrow, about 3.7 times as long as wide; A2/A1 about 0.2-0.3; A3 shorter than A4, and about same length as A5, proportions (units) 52 : 16 : 4 : 5 : 4.
Mandible of type IA-B, with about 17 furrows on the outer surface at the base, MTR about 0.32.

A female (72-806 Female 1) collected on Norfolk Island may belong to this species.
Wing length about 3.35 mm; wing width 0.93 mm; VR 1.10; 2 SCf on brachiolum.
Head: Frontal tubercles present, about 26 µm in length.  Antennal proportions (µm): 186 : 139 : 151 : 145 : 186; AR 0.30; A5/A1 1.0.  Palpal proportions segments 2-5 (µm): 58 : 232 : 278 : 429; P5/P4 1.54, P5/P3 1.85.  26 clypeal setae.
Thoracic setae: 16 acrostichal setae; 16-19 dorsocentrals (incl. humerals); 4-5 prealars; setae of scutellum in approximately two rows, about 6 in anterior row, about 11 in posterior row.
Leg lengths (micron):